Are You Creating Horizontal or Vertical Teams?

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by Mark Samuel

“A team is a team is a team.?

I don?t actually remember anyone saying this, but I see many people implement teams as if this statement were true. Of course, nothing is further from the truth. Whereas many organizations emphasize skill building to develop teams, a system that addresses team functioning can make the difference between success and failure.

A Brief History

In the beginning, prior to the use of teams as an organizational norm, most employees were autonomous and performed their function independently from the rest of the organization. This way of functioning resulted in wasted resources, duplication of effort, and poor coordination. Teams were thus formed to resolve the common breakdowns of working autonomously. Except for project and task force teams, most were formed as Vertical Teams.

Vertical Teams

A Vertical Team is one where the leader of the team (usually the manager) is responsible for setting the direction, priorities and the goals for the team (see figure #1). The team may create a Vision and set of Success Factors based on the primary goals for the team, but once the team has to operationalize those goals, it is up to the leader to establish priorities and to resolve conflicting agendas between the team players and their functions. The team, in turn, is responsible for sharing information, coordinating their activities, and supporting the other team members and their functions. This is what sets them apart from an autonomous group that doesn?t share information or actively support one another. In a Vertical Team, if a team member is not doing their part to accomplish their goals, it is up to the team leader to intervene and resolve the performance problem. When changes occur and the leader has to change one?s priorities they inform the involved team member. The team leader is placed in a position of ultimate controller for the team.

Due to constantly changing demands and limited resources, members of a Vertical Team experience confusion about their roles and priorities. They communicate and coordinate their activities on a regular basis, but they seem to run into one another or feel excluded in decisions or changes that affect them. This results in crisis, duplication of effort, and false starts on changes that individual team members are trying to make. No longer is a high level of communication and coordination enough to prevent the conflicts and breakdowns that cripple high performance. Members of Vertical Teams feel they are working harder to get ahead, only to find themselves consistently overwhelmed by endless activity.

Ultimately, Vertical Teams break down due to never-ending changes and the overwhelming demands they make on both the team leader and team members. Usually, the manager is blamed for not coordinating all of the changing priorities affecting the team. Generally, it is expected by the team leader that team members will coordinate changes with each other. However, team members tend to view this as too complex and time-consuming. Because the leader alone coordinates the priorities and changes that affect each member, only the leader will know who is affected and how; therefore, it is impossible for members of a Vertical Team to keep each other adequately informed. Unfortunately, the task of informing all of the team members affected by the change is too time-consuming and cumbersome, so leaders typically fall short. Vertical Teams are not effective in organizations that are dealing with numerous or fast-paced changes.

Horizontal Teams

On a Horizontal Team, the team leader is still responsible for setting the direction of the team; however, the entire team is involved in translating the direction into an agreed- upon set of priorities (see figure #2). The team identifies the most important priorities that it is accountable for, based on the direction of the organization, the specific needs of their primary customers, and the specific goals directed by upper levels of management. The team, as a group, is also involved in strategizing a process for accomplishing those priorities, and in evaluating the specific roles, relationships and functions needed to achieve their goals This ensures alignment between the different functions represented on the team and an agreement on the priorities which override individual (functional) priorities.

Based on these individual priorities, each team member identifies the degree of impact on, or involvement for, their teammates and their functions. This enables team members to plan their involvement with each other, and to provide each other with an under- standing of their roles and responsibilities, in order to support each other?s priorities. Then, when it is time to coordinate their activities, each person has a complete picture of the various changes that are going to take place, who is the specific lead for managing those changes and which team member is specifically involved in the changes. This process provides the context necessary for adapting to change and quickly clarifies changing expectations without dependence on the manager. Thus, each member of a Horizontal Team has greater accountability for setting their priorities, supporting other team members and responding appropriately to change.

The team leader?s role is to ensure that the team is making progress on each of the priorities that have been identified. They assist the team in monitoring progress and ensuring that each functional area is maintaining their accountability to one another and to the team as a whole. Also, the leader must be the primary link to upper management for responding to new requests, preventing problems, and for coordinating within the team the changes that come from upper management. Finally, the manager is responsible for representing the needs and accomplishments of the team to upper management.

The concern of Horizontal Teams is that the team members don?t have time to plan or be involved in each other?s priorities. However, this is a misinterpretation of the process. Each person is still responsible for planning the strategy to complete their own priorities; the difference is that they create their own processes for change and share it with the other team members for general buy-in and support. This ensures that each team member knows when they will be needed and that a functional area won?t be left out, which could later lead to breakdown.

The transition to Horizontal Teams enables team leaders to focus more on global and strategic issues affecting the team, enabling them to anticipate and avoid crisis and to prepare their team to respond to change. Ultimately, Horizontal Teams demonstrate excellence in customer service and improvement in team relationships.

When Relationships Break Down

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By Mark Samuel

As change continues to be on the rise, it becomes harder to maintain healthy relationships between people–regardless of level or function in the organization. People are more stressed, in fear and often times confused, and take out their frustrations on others creating a breakdown in teamwork. These problems include an increase in conflict, a lack of trust between co-workers and management and breakdowns in communication and information sharing.

Unfortunately, many organizations are still resorting to classes in communication skills, dealing with conflict, or forms of team building to remedy this growing problem. Otherwise, they are trying to “empower” the employees to solve relationship breakdowns on their own. Read more

High Performance Teams: Separating Truth from Myth Part 3: Optimizing Team Performance

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By Mark Samuel

(Editor’s note: In previous articles, we discussed Team Principles 1 through 7, which address the fundamentals of teamwork and team development. Part 3 addresses the principles for maximizing team effectiveness).

Most organizations that work on improvement waste valuable time pursuing perfection, sacrificing excellence in the process. Teams either work on areas or processes that they excel in (because there’s neither openness nor safety to discuss the real weak spots), or they focus on resolving crisis as a definition of team development. Each of these processes is less than optimal. Read more

High Performance Teams: Separating Truth from Myth Part 2: The REAL Purpose of Team Development

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By Mark Samuel

(Editor’s note: Part 1 of this article addressed the fundamentals of teamwork, which form the basis of the first three Team Principles. Part 2 addresses team building and team development.)

In organizations, we tend to focus on the individual. When an employee’s performance drops off, we send them to a skill-building course rather than focusing on the team’s functioning. Organizations that apply Total Quality will set up a task force to study the problem, rather than get the team to work out their functioning breakdowns as a group and examine their processes or their roles and relationships. Read more

High Performance Teams: Separating Truth from Myth Part 1: The Fundamentals of Teamwork

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By Mark Samuel

When I was nine years old, I participated on my first team. A little league baseball team. I was a pitcher on the team in first-place. Towards the end of the season, players from the team in last place were dropping out, making it hard to field the nine players needed to have a game. It was decided that a player from the first-place team be picked at random to transfer to the last-place team. We literally drew straws for the “honor” of transferring.

Ever since I was nine years old and transferred from the first-place team to the last-place team, I have participated on and studied the effectiveness of all types of teams, range from athletic teams to music groups. Read more

Agreeable Teamwork

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by Mark Samuel

One of the reasons that teamwork often fails to produce effective results is due to the lack of focus on defining and refining team relationships.

Total Quality efforts have been focused on attaining measurable improvement processes that would, ultimately, improve customer service. These improvements involve increasing the quality which results in providing customers with greater value. The power of the total quality methodology is its structured process for measuring, researching and analyzing operational processes, and which include those individuals directly involved with the operational processes, even if it includes cross-functional employees.

Limited Relationship Improvements

Whilst total quality programs have produced significant improvements for many organizations, it has failed to become the organizational cultural norm that was desired and intended. Territorialism between departments, fear between various hierarchical levels, and undefined roles and relationships due to continual change and organizational restructuring has resulted in stagnation and/or breakdown in many improvement efforts. It has been demonstrated that when relationships breakdown between any members of an organization or team, quality performance decreases, costs increase due to inefficiency, and customer satisfaction and organizational viability diminishes.

Many organizations have spent lots of money and time placing people in training programs to provide them with the awareness to create good, supportive relationships with their co-workers, skill-building techniques to improve communication effectiveness, and team guidelines to prevent problems from occurring.

Whilst awareness is good for motivating people, it rarely provides them with enough information to take action on their awareness. Skill-building programs do help by providing people with the basic tools for improving relationships, but rarely provide people with the strategies and processes for dealing with the complex dynamics brought on by poor organizational structures, bureaucracy, politics, and territorialism. Also, techniques are good, but, more often, the other party in the conflict isn’t acting out their role the way it was done in the workshop, leaving the newly-skilled person helpless.

Finally, guidelines are good for preventing problems, unless the guideline isn’t practical for that particular work team. Another problem with typical guidelines is that people expect perfection, so that when a guideline is broken, people conclude that it didn’t work and give up on their team.

Improving Relationships is a Process

Relationships do not improve over night or with a magic formula or technique. People must continually fine-tune their relationships as large conflicts get resolved and reveal

smaller conflicts. Therefore, improving relationships is, by definition, an improvement process and must be reviewed on a regular basis. Because people are not perfect and will make mistakes, it is critical for any process which is aimed at improving relationships to have a built-in mechanism for `recovery’. It is not how perfect a team is that demonstrates its effectiveness, but the speed at which the team recovers when it gets `off track’. For these reasons, it is ideal to apply a total quality process to the improvement of relationships in the workplace.

Relationships between and among managers and employees can be improved on a systematic basis, producing measurable results if some of the primary total quality principles and processes are used. Just as total quality methodologies include techniques such as statistical process control (SPC) and process mapping to measure and analyze operational processes to achieve improvement, relationship improvements must also use techniques which are process based to achieve lasting measurable improvements.

The interaction agreement process is an effective technique used to achieve measurable and sustainable improvements in relationships between employees at all levels and between all functions within an organization. As a team-related process, it is used for natural work teams, cross-functional teams, management teams, and self-managing teams. As for all total quality processes, it involves four primary steps:

• Creating a baseline measurement

• Establishing processes and actions for relationship improvement.

• Regular monitoring and tracking of results.

• Periodic measurements to demonstrate improvements.

Creating a Baseline Measurement

Relationships are generally based on emotions that prevent people fully understanding the particular breakdown. Just as it is critical in total quality processes to end the blame of people and focus on the processes that are malfunctioning, it is critical to stop blaming people when relationships breakdown. As in traditional total quality processes, measurement is key to transferring the focus from individuals to processes.

The purpose of measuring the effectiveness of relationships is to diagnose the specific areas of the relationship that are relatively dysfunctional, and to determine a baseline measurement so that improvement can be tracked and acknowle3dged. Because it is too difficult to track and deal with the relationships of the entire organization as a whole, it is best to measure the effectiveness within a team of employees who are interdependent and must relate effectively with one another.

As in any process of measurement, the first step is to determine the criteria for measurement. In the case of measuring the effectiveness of relationships, some of the typical relationship issues that are essential include:

  • Surfacing and resolving team conflicts.
  • Communicating and sharing information.
  • Understanding and respecting the roles of other team members.
  • Accountability for keeping team agreements.
  • Effectively making decisions.
  • Supporting other team members.
  • Accurately representing the team and its members to other outside the team.

Whilst specific tangible behaviors for each criteria can be developed and tracked, it is generally more effective to develop a questionnaire using a five or seven-point Likert scale and use subjective scoring to measure the effectiveness. This is because people’s perception of the relationship is what drives their behavior and, over the course of the past 10 years, it has been determined that this form of assessment is very accurate as a representation and reflection of a team’s effectiveness.

As with any assessment, it is important to inform all of the team members of the purpose of the measurement, how it will be used, and when they will receive the summary of results of the assessment. Each team member, regardless of position, should complete the questionnaire anonymously without review by the leading manager.

A non-partial person, usually a team facilitator, tallies the scores of the assessment, determines averages for each relationship criteria, and summarizes the results as a report to all of the team members when they are going to create their interaction agreement.

Establishing Processes and Actions for Relationship Improvement

There are three phases to establishing the interaction agreements that will improve team relationships:

  • Create an environment of interlocking accountability.
  • Review assessment of the team’s effectiveness.
  • Facilitate the interaction agreements based on the results of the team assessment.

Creating an Environment of Interlocking Accountability

Traditionally, organizations are based on a hierarchy where each team member is accountable to the manager. However, in any high performance team, each team member must be accountable to each other since they depend on one another. Interlocking accountability is a guideline that assures a shared responsibility between all team members, regardless of level or function in the organization.

Using the guideline of interlocking accountability, each team member, regardless of position, is accountable to each other team member for the agreed upon behaviors and actions that impact the other team members. In addition, this guideline also states that each team member is responsible for holding the other team members accountable with acknowledgement and support. Unfortunately, in most organizations people are held accountable with blame, accusations or rumors. This only contributes to territorialism and is a major reason for the fear felt in many organizations.

Using interlocking accountability, team members acknowledge problems without blame or judgment against no one else, focusing on the situation not the individuals. Instead of rescuing other team members in an unhealthy way that leaves people dependent or co- dependent, team members acknowledge and support others by assisting them in developing alternatives for resolving the problems that exist.

Interlocking accountability is the `glue’ that holds the interaction agreements together and represents a major influence in creating an environment that is free from destructive competition and unnecessary power plays among team members.

Reviewing the assessment of team effectiveness

After distributing the summary of scores from the assessment of team effectiveness, the team will determine its relative strengths and weaknesses related to team relationships. Using this process of assessment makes sure that no individual team member is singled out since no one knows how any other team member answered the questions. Based on the relative weaknesses, the team can determine, through a process of consensus, which relationship weakness they want to resolve first. Thus, the team creates its own priorities for improvement based upon quantitative data.

Facilitating interaction agreements to improve team relationships

Most teams create guidelines to prevent team dysfunctions. These guidelines are usually one-sentence statements, such as: “Be on time for team meetings,” “Participate fully and openly in team discussions,” and “Listen with openness to other’s ideas and comments.” Unfortunately, whilst guidelines can be helpful, the success that can be achieved from guidelines is limited. Guidelines tend to operate on the assumption that all teams are alike – which is a fallacy. Secondly, many guidelines are unrealistic or not practical in today’s working environment. For instance, if you have a client on the phone with an emergency situation, are you going to hang up on them so that you can be on time to a team meeting?

Team guidelines actually break one of the primary rules of total quality because they focus on isolated solutions rather than interlinking processes, which are the root of most relationship problems. In fact, non-organizational top performing teams, such as athletic teams, music groups, and dance companies, spend the majority of their time learning and practicing how they function together and relate to one another. Baseball, football and basketball teams practice their plays, whilst music groups and dance companies rehearse their transitions to assure excellence. In organizations, we create guidelines and hope that they are kept, and when people break the guidelines we claim: “See, I knew it wasn’t going to work,” and then we give up.

Can you imagine a baseball team that makes an error completing a double play and never trying it again because it didn’t work?

There are two parts to creating an interaction agreement. The first part is to create a statement of intention, which is similar to a guideline that would improve the identified dysfunctional relationship area. For instance, one team identified that it was weak at resolving conflict between team members. Based on that dysfunction, it created a statement of intention which read: “If you have an issue with another team member, go directly to them to resolve it rather than discussing it with other team members first.”

The second part of the interaction agreement, conditions for acceptance, is the critical part of the agreement. This involves clearly describing the process which will make the statement of intention practical for that particular team and for the working environment. It also involves adding statements to the agreement, which will make it safe for the team members to abide by the statement of intention. Some of the conditions for acceptance that were created by one team included:

  • Don’t make assumptions and attack other team members or get defensive if you are approached by another team member – focus on the situation and resolving the conflict.
  • Don’t approach a person with a problem without having some alternative solutions based on your understanding of the problem.
  • You may use one other team member as a `sounding’ board for you to get clarity on your approach and to gain more objectivity on your perception. However, the sounding board must follow these guidelines:

o Keep the conversation confidential.

o Don’t take sides or sympathize with the team member bringing you the problem.

o Be sure to be open and honest with your perceptions.

o Direct the person back to the individual with whom they are having the conflict.

  • If someone comes to you complaining about another team member, first determine ifyou are the `sounding board’ and if not, redirect them to the appropriate person.
  • If you can’t resolve the conflict, use a mutually agreed upon team member to act as a mediator, and if you are still at an impasse, take the issue to the manager.

Developing the statement of intentions and lists of conditions for acceptance is continued until each individual team member agrees to keep the agreement. This is not the same as thinking the agreement is a good idea. Too often decisions are made based on people agreeing that it’s a good idea, but without the commitment or accountability to act on it. In this process each team member is accountable to the other team members for behaving in a way that is consistent with the agreement with interlocking accountability.

Generally, a team will create between four and eight interaction agreements to cover the dysfunctional relationship areas that are identified. After the session, the interaction agreement is typed and handed out to each team member.

Please note that this interaction agreement with this set of conditions is not meant for every team to follow. Interaction agreements are not a formula, but a process that is created by each team according to their purpose, style, constraints as a team, and

particular dysfunctions. The ultimate question is, if each team member keeps their agreement to abide by the behaviors listed, will each team member feel that the team will be more effective? If the answer is yes, you have an agreement. If the answer is no, then you need to add conditions that will resolve the concerns that are felt by the team members.

Regular Monitoring and Tracking of Results

As in all total quality processes, changes that are made need to be reviewed, tracked to be sure that it is on line with desired results, and sometimes modified to fine-tune the results. It is no different with improving team relationships.

After each team member receives their typed version of the interaction agreement, it is to be formally reviewed at the team’s meetings to assure that the team members are keeping their agreement. This is where interlocking accountability becomes key to the success of the team. If someone is breaking the agreement, they are to be held accountable with acknowledgement and support. As with other professional top performing teams, the best teams have team members who come to the meeting admitting when they have broken an agreement, along with stated solutions and the commitment to improve. Since most team members are human, and as humans we make mistakes, there is no expectation that people will be perfect. The power of interaction agreements is that it is a process focused on recovering when a team has made a mistake. Again, this enforces the principles of total quality and, more importantly, keeps people out of the blame mode when people aren’t perfect at keeping their agreements.

As with most total quality efforts, when a process change has been approved and implemented, it is important to monitor the actions of the change, along with tracking the results of those actions. This is important in case there are minor adjustments or modifications that need to be made.

Monitoring actions to improve team relationships is also critical to assure success. However, instead of using charting techniques to measure the results of the change, team members review the team’s effectiveness at keeping their interaction agreements. This is formally done at the beginning of the team’s meetings using interlocking accountability. This is not a long process, since the interaction agreements are not rehashed. It is simply a matter of determining with non-judgmental acknowledgement any agreements that were broken and providing support to the involved persons to assure that they do not continue breaking the agreement. If no agreements were broken, that the team members can determine if they feel that relationships are improving. If so, they continue with their meeting. If not, they can create a new interaction agreement or modify an existing interaction agreement to resolve the particular dysfunction.

This regular review assists the team in staying current with their relationships instead of focusing on old dysfunctional behaviors. This review also assists the team in practicing its recovery when mistakes are made.

Periodic Measurements to Demonstrate Improvements

In a total quality effort, an improvement process isn’t complete until actual measurable improvements are demonstrated based on baseline measurements. Improving team relationships is no different. Therefore, after three to four months it is important to have the team members complete the same assessment that they completed to form the baseline measurement.

Once the individuals are tallied and summarized, a comparison can be made between the original assessment and the new assessment. This comparison will not only indicate the specific relationship criteria that has improved or worsened, but will also demonstrate a more global measurable improvement by indicating the percentage of scores that had a positive rating compared to the previous scores.

This measurement is critical for team members to feel the significance of their improvement. Like normal total quality improvement efforts, if measurements are not reviewed, people will not have a clear idea of their progress. These measurements represent a meaningful way to acknowledge the efforts and contributions of the team members who improved the organization’s working environment.

In addition, the team can review the criteria that either decreased in effectiveness or that are relatively lower in rating than the other criteria and repeat its new improvement process for increasing team effectiveness. In fact, this is the time for the team members to modify the old interaction agreements or create new interaction agreements to support themselves in continuing their improvement of team relationships. Ultimately, the team can continue this process improvement by continuing to use interlocking accountability during the team meetings, and conducting a more formal review once a year to demonstrate measurable improvement.

Once the team is comfortable with its team relationships, it can expand its survey to include suppliers and customers in areas of the team’s relationships that impact them. It is common to find effective teams creating interaction agreements with their suppliers and customers. This adds even more usefulness to the interaction agreement process for improving team relationships.

Completing the ‘Puzzle’ with Interaction Agreements

Ever since the quality movement came to North America, team relationships have been ignored in terms of providing processes of improvement equal to the defined processes used for improving operational processes. Whilst the intention of quality circles and total quality was to improve team relationships, the use of team guidelines or quality principles haven’t had the significant impact necessary to make quality a total impact for an organization.

Interaction agreements are one technique, implemented in the spirit of total quality as a process that doesn’t focus on blame, and actually removes fear from an organization. It has been used for new and old teams alike, and is easily integrated into project, natural and self-directing teams. Generally completed within one to two hours, interaction agreements have been initiated at all levels within an organization.

Whether interaction agreements are used or not, it is critical with all of the changes that impact people that organizations begin to deal with the relationship breakdowns that are preventing people from optimizing their performance and enthusiasm in their career.